Ihererekanya ry'amashanyarazi rifite ingufu nyinshi mu Bushinwa

Ikwirakwizwa ry'amashanyarazi rifite ingufu nyinshi cyane (UHV electricity transmission) ryakoreshejwe mu Bushinwa kuva mu 2009 mu kohereza amashanyarazi asimburana (AC) n'amashanyarazi agororotse (DC) mu ntera ndende zitandukanya ingufu z'Ubushinwa n'abaguzi. Kwagura ubushobozi bwa AC na DC birakomeje kugira ngo bihuze n'ibikenewe mu gutanga ingufu, mu gihe hagabanywa igihombo cyo gutanga ingufu. Kunoza ikoreshwa rya decarbuzione bizaterwa no gusimbuza ikoreshwa rito ry'amashanyarazi, riri hafi y'inkombe, hakoreshejwe uburyo bugezweho bwo gutanga ingufu zihagije hamwe n'ihumana rito hafi y'ingufu.

Inyuma

Kuva mu 2004, ikoreshwa ry'amashanyarazi mu Bushinwa ryakomeje kwiyongera ku muvuduko udasanzwe bitewe n'iterambere ryihuse ry'inganda. Ibura rikomeye ry'ibikoresho mu 2005 ryagize ingaruka ku mikorere y'ibigo byinshi by'Abashinwa. Kuva icyo gihe, Ubushinwa bwashoye imari nyinshi mu gutanga amashanyarazi kugira ngo buhaze ibyifuzo by'inganda bityo bukize iterambere ry'ubukungu. Ubushobozi bwo gukora ingufu bwashyizwemo bwavuye kuri 443 GW mu mpera za 2004 bugera kuri 793 GW mu mpera za 2008. Inyongera muri iyi myaka ine ingana na kimwe cya gatatu cy'ubushobozi bwose bwa Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika, cyangwa inshuro 1.4 z'ubushobozi bwose bw'Ubuyapani. Muri icyo gihe, ikoreshwa ry'ingufu ku mwaka naryo ryazamutse riva kuri 2.197 TWh rigera kuri 3.426 TWh. Biteganijwe ko ikoreshwa ry'amashanyarazi mu Bushinwa rizagera kuri 6.800–6.900 TWh mu 2018 riva kuri 4.690 TWh mu 2011, aho ubushobozi bwashyizweho bugera kuri 1.463 GW buva kuri 1.056 GW mu 2011, muri zo 342 GW ni ingufu z'amazi, 928 GW zikoresha amakara, 100 GW z'umuyaga, 43GW za kirimbuzi, na 40GW. Ubushinwa ni cyo gihugu kinini ku isi gikoresha amashanyarazi mu 2011.

Kohereza no gukwirakwiza

Ku ruhande rw'ikwirakwizwa ry'amashanyarazi n'ikwirakwizwa ryayo, igihugu cyibanze ku kwagura ubushobozi no kugabanya igihombo mu buryo bukurikira:

1. Gukoresha umuyoboro w'amashanyarazi ukoresha amashanyarazi menshi cyane (UHVDC) n'umuyoboro w'amashanyarazi ukoresha amashanyarazi menshi cyane (UHVAC)

2.gushyiraho transformateur z'icyuma zidafite isura nziza kandi zikora neza

Ihererekanyamakuru rya UHV ku isi hose

Ihererekanya ry’amashanyarazi rya UHV n’izindi ngerereka za UHVAC byamaze kubakwa mu bice bitandukanye by’isi. Urugero, ngererekani za kilometero 2,362 z’amashanyarazi ya kV 1,150 zubatswe mu cyahoze ari URSS, naho ngererekani za kilometero 427 z’amashanyarazi ya kV 1,000 z’amashanyarazi zakozwe mu Buyapani (Kita-Iwaki powerline). Ingererekani z’igerageza ry’ibipimo bitandukanye nazo ziraboneka mu bihugu byinshi. Ariko, inyinshi muri izi ngererekani zikora kuri voltage nkeya kubera kudasaba ingufu bihagije cyangwa izindi mpamvu. Hari ingero nke za UHVDC. Nubwo hari ngererekani nyinshi za kV ±500 (cyangwa munsi yazo) hirya no hino ku isi, ngererekani zonyine zikora hejuru y’iki gipimo ni sisitemu yo kohereza amashanyarazi ya Hydro-Québec kuri 735 kV AC (kuva mu 1965, ifite uburebure bwa kilometero 11 422 mu 2018) n’umushinga wa Itaipu ±600 kV muri Brezili. Mu Burusiya, imirimo yo kubaka umurongo wa DC w’uburebure bwa kilometero 2400 wa bipolar ± 750 kV, HVDC Ekibastuz-Centre yatangiye mu 1978 ariko ntiyigeze irangira. Muri Amerika mu ntangiriro z’imyaka ya 1970, hateganijwe umurongo w’amashanyarazi wa 1333 kV uva kuri sitasiyo ya Celilo Converter ukagera kuri Hoover Dam. Muri iyo ntego hubatswe umurongo w’amashanyarazi mugufi wo kugerageza hafi ya sitasiyo ya Celilo Converter, ariko umurongo ugana kuri Hoover Dam ntiwigeze wubatswe.

Impamvu zo kwandura UHV mu Bushinwa

Icyemezo cy'Ubushinwa cyo gukoresha UHV gishingiye ku kuba ingufu zikomoka ku mazi ziri kure cyane y'aho zishyirwa. Inyinshi mu ngufu zikomoka ku mazi ziri mu burengerazuba, naho amakara ari mu majyaruguru y'uburengerazuba, ariko imizigo minini iri mu burasirazuba no mu majyepfo. Kugira ngo bigabanye igihombo cyo gutwara imizigo ku rwego rworoshye, gutwara imizigo ya UHV ni amahitamo yumvikana. Nk'uko Ikigo cya Leta cy'Ubushinwa cyabitangaje mu nama mpuzamahanga ya 2009 ku ikwirakwizwa ry'amashanyarazi ya UHV i Beijing, Ubushinwa buzashora miliyari 600 z'amadolari y'Amerika (hafi miliyari 88 z'amadolari y'Amerika) mu iterambere rya UHV kuva ubu kugeza mu 2020.

Gushyira mu bikorwa amashanyarazi ya UHV bituma hubakwa inganda nshya, zisukuye kandi zikora neza kure y’aho abaturage batuye. Ingomero zishaje ku nkombe zizavaho. Ibi bizagabanya ingano y’umwanda rusange, ndetse n’umwanda abaturage bumva mu ngo zo mu mijyi. Gukoresha inganda nini zikoresha amashanyarazi zishyushya amashanyarazi nabyo ntibihumanya cyane ugereranyije n’amabati akoreshwa mu gushyushya mu gihe cy’itumba mu ngo nyinshi zo mu majyaruguru. Ingufu za UHV zizafasha mu mugambi w’Ubushinwa wo gushyushya amashanyarazi no gukuraho karuboni, kandi bitume habaho guhuza ingufu zisubiramo binyuze mu gukuraho ikibazo cy’ingufu zikomoka ku mashanyarazi, ubu kikaba kigabanya kwaguka k’ubushobozi bwo gukoresha umuyaga n’izuba mu gihe birushaho guteza imbere isoko ry’imodoka zikoresha amashanyarazi zikora ingendo ndende mu Bushinwa.

Imiyoboro ya UHV yarangiye cyangwa irimo kubakwa

Guhera mu 2021, imiyoboro ya UHV ikora ni iyi:

 

Imirongo ya UHV iri gukorwa/Iri mu gutegura ni iyi:

 

Impaka ku bijyanye n'ubuzima bw'imyororokere

Hari impaka ku kuba inyubako yatanzwe na Leta y’Ubushinwa mu bijyanye n’amashanyarazi ari ingamba zo kuba ikigo cyigenga no kurwanya ivugurura ry’umuyoboro w’amashanyarazi.

Mbere y’Amasezerano ya Paris, yatumye biba ngombwa ko hakurwaho burundu amakara, peteroli na gaze, habayeho impaka ku bijyanye na UHV kuva mu 2004 ubwo Ikigo cya Leta gishinzwe imiyoboro y’amashanyarazi mu Bushinwa cyatangaga igitekerezo cyo kubaka UHV. Impaka zibanze kuri UHVAC mu gihe igitekerezo cyo kubaka UHVDC cyemerwaga na benshi. Ibibazo bikunze kuganirwaho cyane ni bine byavuzwe hano hepfo.

1. Ibibazo by'umutekano n'ubwirinzi: Uko imiyoboro myinshi ya UHV ikomeza kubakwa, amashanyarazi azenguruka igihugu cyose agenda arushaho guhuzwa cyane. Iyo impanuka ibaye ku murongo umwe, biragoye kugabanya ingaruka zayo ku gace gato. Ibi bivuze ko amahirwe yo kuzimya umuriro agenda yiyongera. Nanone, ishobora kuba ishobora kwibasirwa n'iterabwoba.
   
2. Ikibazo cy'isoko: Indi miyoboro yose ya UHV hirya no hino ku isi ikora ku muvuduko muto kuko nta busabe buhagije buhari. Ubushobozi bwo kohereza amakara mu ntera ndende bukeneye ubushakashatsi bwimbitse. Nubwo umutungo munini w'amakara uri mu majyaruguru y'uburengerazuba, biragoye kubaka inganda z'amakara kuko zikeneye amazi menshi kandi ayo ni umutungo muke mu majyaruguru y'uburengerazuba bw'Ubushinwa. Kandi hamwe n'iterambere ry'ubukungu mu burengerazuba bw'Ubushinwa, ubwinshi bw'amashanyarazi bwakomeje kwiyongera muri iyi myaka.
3. Ibibazo by’ibidukikije n’imikorere myiza: Impuguke zimwe zivuga ko imiyoboro ya UHV itazigama ubutaka bwinshi ugereranije no kubaka inzira za gari ya moshi z’inyongera kugira ngo ubwikorezi bw’amakara bwiyongere kandi bubyazwe ingufu mu gace. Kubera ikibazo cy’ibura ry’amazi, kubaka inganda z’amashanyarazi zikoresha amakara mu burengerazuba birabangamiwe. Ikindi kibazo ni imikorere myiza y’amashanyarazi. Gukoresha ubushyuhe n’amashanyarazi bihuriweho ku ruhande rw’umukoresha bikoresha ingufu nke kurusha gukoresha ingufu zituruka ku miyoboro miremire.
   
4. Ikibazo cy'ubukungu: Ishoramari ryose ribarirwa muri miliyari 270 z'amadolari y'Amerika (hafi miliyari 40 z'amadolari y'Amerika), rihenze cyane kurusha kubaka gari ya moshi nshya yo gutwara amakara.

Kubera ko UHV itanga amahirwe yo kohereza ingufu zishobora kuvugururwa ziturutse mu turere twa kure dufite ubushobozi bwinshi bwo gushyiramo ingufu z'umuyaga na photovoltaic. SGCC ivuga ko ubushobozi bw'ingufu z'umuyaga bushobora kuba 200 GW mu karere ka Xinjiang.

Sichuan D&F Electric Co.,Ltd.Nk’uruganda rukora ibikoresho by’amashanyarazi bikingira umuriro, ibikoresho by’amashanyarazi bikingira umuriro, bisi ifite laminated, bisi ifite umuringa ukomeye hamwe n’bisi ifite laminated, turi bamwe mu batanga ibikoresho by’ingenzi bikingira umuriro hamwe n’ibyuma bifite laminated muri iyi mishinga ya leta ya UHVDC. Ku bindi bisobanuro, sura urubuga rwanjye kugira ngo umenye byinshi ku bicuruzwa.