Ultra-voltage yumuriro w'amashanyarazi mubushinwa

Gukwirakwiza amashanyarazi ya ultra-high-voltage (UHV amashanyarazi) yakoreshejwe mu Bushinwa kuva mu 2009 mu kohereza amashanyarazi asimburana (AC) ndetse n’amashanyarazi (DC) mu ntera ndende itandukanya ingufu z’Ubushinwa n’abakoresha. Kwagura ubushobozi bwa AC na DC birakomeza murwego rwo guhuza ibisekuruza nibisabwa mugihe hagabanijwe igihombo cyohereza. Iterambere rya decarbonisation rizaturuka ku gusimbuza umusaruro muke, uherereye hafi yinyanja, hamwe n’ibisekuru byinshi bigezweho kandi bifite umwanda muke hafi y’ingufu.

Amavu n'amavuko

Kuva mu 2004, ikoreshwa ry'amashanyarazi mu Bushinwa ryiyongereye ku buryo butigeze bubaho bitewe n'iterambere ryihuse ry'inganda. Ibura ry’ibicuruzwa rikomeye mu 2005 ryagize ingaruka ku mikorere y’amasosiyete menshi yo mu Bushinwa. Kuva icyo gihe, Ubushinwa bwashora imari mu gutanga amashanyarazi hagamijwe kuzuza ibisabwa n'inganda bityo ubukungu bwiyongera. Ubushobozi bwo kubyara bwashyizweho bwaturutse kuri 443 GW mu mpera za 2004 bugera kuri 793 GW mu mpera za 2008. Kwiyongera muri iyi myaka ine bihwanye na kimwe cya gatatu cy’ubushobozi rusange bw’Amerika, cyangwa inshuro 1.4 zose z’ubushobozi bwa Ubuyapani.Mu gihe kimwe, ikoreshwa ry’ingufu za buri mwaka naryo ryazamutse riva kuri 2,197 TWh rigera kuri 3.426 TWh. muri 2011, muri yo 342 GW ni amashanyarazi, 928 GW ikoreshwa n’amakara, umuyaga wa GW 100, ingufu za kirimbuzi 43GW, na gaze ya 40GW. Ubushinwa nicyo gihugu gikoresha amashanyarazi menshi ku isi mu 2011.

Kohereza no gukwirakwiza

Ku ruhande rwo kohereza no gukwirakwiza, igihugu cyibanze ku kwagura ubushobozi no kugabanya igihombo na:

1. kohereza intera ndende ya ultra-high-voltage itaziguye (UHVDC) hamwe na ultra-high-voltage ihinduranya amashanyarazi (UHVAC)

2.Gushiraho ibyuma bihindura amorphous ibyuma bihindura

Ikwirakwizwa rya UHV kwisi yose

Ikwirakwizwa rya UHV hamwe numuzunguruko wa UHVAC bimaze kubakwa mubice bitandukanye byisi. Kurugero, km 2,362 zumuzingi wa 1,150 kV zubatswe ahahoze hahoze ari URSS, naho 427 km zumuzingi wa kV 1.000 zatejwe imbere mubuyapani (umuyoboro wa Kita-Iwaki). Imirongo yubushakashatsi yiminzani itandukanye nayo iboneka mubihugu byinshi. Nyamara, imirongo myinshi kurubu ikora kuri voltage yo hasi kubera ingufu zidahagije cyangwa izindi mpamvu. Hano hari ingero nke za UHVDC. Nubwo ku isi hari imirongo myinshi ya k 500 kV (cyangwa munsi), imiyoboro yonyine ikora hejuru yiyi mbago ni uburyo bwo gukwirakwiza amashanyarazi ya Hydro-Québec kuri 735 kV AC (kuva 1965, 11 422 km muri 2018) na Itaipu ± 600 kV umushinga muri Berezile. Mu Burusiya, imirimo yo kubaka kuri kilometero 2400 z'uburebure bwa bipolar ± 750 kV DC, HVDC Ekibastuz - Centre yatangiye mu 1978 ariko ntiyigeze irangira. Muri Amerika mu ntangiriro ya za 70 hateganijwe umurongo wa 1333 kV kuva kuri Celilo Converter Station kugera ku rugomero rwa Hoover. Kubwiyi ntego hubatswe umurongo mugufi w'amashanyarazi hafi ya Celilo Converter Station, ariko umurongo ugana urugomero rwa Hoover ntabwo wigeze wubakwa.

Impamvu zo kwanduza UHV mubushinwa

Icyemezo cy'Ubushinwa cyo kujya kwanduza UHV gishingiye ku kuba umutungo w'ingufu uri kure y'ibigo bitwara imizigo. Umubare munini wamashanyarazi ari muburengerazuba, naho amakara ari mumajyaruguru yuburengerazuba, ariko imitwaro minini iri muburasirazuba no mumajyepfo. Kugabanya igihombo cyoherejwe kurwego rushobora gucungwa, kwanduza UHV ni amahitamo yumvikana. Nk’uko ikigo cya Leta gishinzwe amashanyarazi mu Bushinwa cyabitangaje mu nama mpuzamahanga yo mu 2009 ku bijyanye no kohereza amashanyarazi ya UHV i Beijing, Ubushinwa buzashora miliyari 600 z'amadorari (hafi miliyari 88 z'amadolari y'Amerika) mu iterambere rya UHV hagati ya 2020 na 2020.

Ishyirwa mu bikorwa rya gride ya UHV ituma hubakwa amashanyarazi mashya, asukuye, akora neza cyane y’amashanyarazi. Amashanyarazi ashaje kuruhande rwinyanja azasezera. Ibi bizagabanya umubare rusange w’umwanda, kimwe n’umwanda abaturage bumva batuye mu mijyi. Ikoreshwa ry’amashanyarazi manini yo hagati atanga ubushyuhe n’amashanyarazi naryo ntirishobora kwanduza kurusha amashyiga ya buri muntu akoreshwa mu gushyushya imbeho mu ngo nyinshi zo mu majyaruguru.Urubuga rwa UHV ruzafasha gahunda y’Ubushinwa yo gukwirakwiza amashanyarazi na decarbonisation, kandi bizafasha guhuza ingufu z’amashanyarazi mu gukuraho icyuho cyo kohereza kuri ubu iragabanya kwaguka kw’umuyaga n’izuba mu gihe irusheho guteza imbere isoko ry’imodoka ndende z’amashanyarazi mu Bushinwa.

Inzira ya UHV yarangiye cyangwa irimo kubakwa

Kuva 2021, imiyoboro ya UHV ikora ni:

 

Kubaka / Mu gutegura imirongo ya UHV ni:

 

Impaka kuri UHV

Hari impaka zo kumenya niba inyubako yatanzwe n’ikigo cya Leta gishinzwe amashanyarazi mu Bushinwa ari ingamba zo kurushaho kwiharira no kurwanya ivugurura ry’amashanyarazi.

Mbere y’amasezerano y'i Paris, yatumye biba ngombwa guhagarika amakara, peteroli na gaze, habaye impaka kuri UHV kuva mu 2004 ubwo ikigo cya Leta gishinzwe amashanyarazi mu Bushinwa cyatangaga igitekerezo cyo kubaka UHV. Impaka zibanze kuri UHVAC mugihe igitekerezo cyo kubaka UHVDC cyemewe cyane.Ibibazo byaganiriweho cyane ni bine byavuzwe hepfo.

1. Ibibazo byumutekano no kwizerwa: Hamwe no kubaka imirongo myinshi ya UHV yohereza, umuyoboro w'amashanyarazi uzenguruka igihugu cyose uhujwe cyane kandi cyane. Niba impanuka ibaye kumurongo umwe, biragoye kugabanya ingaruka mukarere gato. Ibi bivuze ko amahirwe yo kuzimya agenda yiyongera. Nanone, irashobora kwibasirwa n’iterabwoba.
   
2. Ikibazo cyisoko: Indi mirongo yose yohereza UHV kwisi yose ikorera kuri voltage yo hasi kuko ntabikenewe bihagije.Ubushobozi bwo kohereza intera ndende bukeneye ubushakashatsi bwimbitse. Nubwo umutungo munini wamakara uri mumajyaruguru yuburengerazuba, biragoye kubaka amashanyarazi y’amakara kuko akeneye amazi menshi kandi ni umutungo muke mu majyaruguru yuburengerazuba bwUbushinwa. Kandi hamwe niterambere ryubukungu muburengerazuba bwUbushinwa, amashanyarazi akomeje kwiyongera muriyi myaka.
3. Ibibazo by’ibidukikije no gukora neza: Bamwe mu bahanga bavuga ko imirongo ya UHV itazigama ubutaka bwinshi ugereranije no kubaka gari ya moshi ziyongera ku gutwara amakara no kongera ingufu z’amashanyarazi. Kubera ikibazo cy’amazi make, kubaka amashanyarazi y’amashanyarazi mu burengerazuba ni inzitizi. Ikindi kibazo ni uburyo bwo kohereza. Gukoresha ubushyuhe hamwe nimbaraga kumukoresha birangirana imbaraga kuruta gukoresha imbaraga kuva kumurongo muremure wohereza.
   
4. Ikibazo cy’ubukungu: Igishoro cyose giteganijwe kuba miliyari 270 (hafi miliyari 40 US $), kikaba gihenze cyane kuruta kubaka gari ya moshi nshya yo gutwara amakara.

Nkuko UHV itanga amahirwe yo kohereza ingufu zivuye mu turere twa kure dufite amahirwe menshi yo gushyiramo ingufu nini z'umuyaga hamwe na fotora. SGCC ivuga ubushobozi bushobora gukoreshwa n’umuyaga wa 200 GW mu karere ka Sinayi.

Sichuan D&F Amashanyarazi, Ltd.nk'uruganda ruza ku isonga mu gukoresha ibikoresho byo gukwirakwiza amashanyarazi, ibice byubatswe n’amashanyarazi, akabari ka bisi yanduye, amabari ya bisi yumuringa hamwe na bisi ya bisi yoroheje, turi umwe mubatanga isoko nyamukuru kubice byabigenewe ndetse na bisi ya baminine kuriyi mishinga ya leta ya UHVDC. Kubindi bisobanuro, nyamuneka sura urubuga rwanjye kugirango umenye amakuru yerekeye ibicuruzwa.